This is going to be a long and somewhat technical post, please bear with me. I'll do my best to explain things, it'll just take some extra time...
Yesterday was an absolutely nutty day. We brought B into the hospital Monday night for his Tuesday morning liver biopsy, as planned. However, nothing else went as planned!
When we got here I couldn't switch B over to the hospital's oxygen because there was no flow meter hooked up. The nurse paged respiratory. They came and put in the flow meter, hooked up sterile water to humidify it, and switched B over for me. All set right? Um, NO. About ten minutes after the RT left the room B started gasping and his pulse ox started alarming. His sats were down around 87. I scooped him up and tried to help him clear his throat since I figured he just had some excess secretions. At that point the shift had changed and the night nurse, Colleen, came in to check on him. I asked her to flip on the light. By now B was getting a grayish pallor and was blue around the mouth. His sats were down around 83/84%. Colleen reached to check the oxygen and we quickly realized something was wrong there. No air seemed to be coming through the flow meter and the water wasn't hooked up properly. Before we could react B got a nose full of fluid and began to choke again! The tubing had filled with water and shot into his nose. I pulled the cannula down out of his nose while water continued to drain from it. Then I grabbed our portable O2 and hooked him up to that while Colleen paged RT. They came and switched the flow meter and attached the water correctly. The whole episode lasted maybe fifteen minutes and then Bug settled down and went back to sleep. I think Colleen and I were both shaken up but everything seemed to be okay at that point.
A few hours later as I was getting Bug changed and ready for bed I noticed his breathing was more labored and he was having moderate retractions (What are retractions?
Click here.) I called Colleen to look and she called in the resident to make her aware. As the night progressed things worsened. B's respirations were often into the 100's and his retractions worsened. By early morning the resident called the attending and a portable chest xray was ordered. The docs rounded about 8am and it was during rounds the preliminary results of his xray came back...aspiration pneumonia. Aspiration pneumonia is an inflammation of the lungs caused when a foreign material, like food or formula, is breathed into the lungs. It can be very serious for anyone but for someone with lung disease, like B, its especially dangerous. They immediately started him on antibiotics. At this point his blood work had also come back showing his hemoglobin was very low and his bilirubin was very high. They ordered a blood transfusion and paged GI as well as anesthesia. It was decided then that B was too unstable to safely be put under anesthesia and the biopsy was cancelled. With his bilirubin above 11 we were of course very worried and wanted to know what they planned to do to treat it. We were told they weren't going to treat it, We couldn't believe it!! Why wouldn't they help him? We also asked if he wasn't stable and his sats were poor, was it safe for him to remain on the heme-onc unit or should he be transferred to the PICU? They didn't really address our concern, just said he would be staying on the floor. Um, okay. Also during rounds they had discussed that his labs showed his platelet count was rapidly dropping. This hasn't been an issue for B, only RBC's, so we asked about this too. They said they didn't know why and left it at that. By that point, Tim & I were a wreck. Clearly, our baby is very sick and they weren't really doing anything to help him.
At this point we needed an ally and decided to call Buggie's pediatrician. The nurse at the office told me she was off until Thursday but a while back Dr Miller had given me her personal number and told us to please call her if we were ever concerned. After a lot of back and forth we decided it was important enough to go ahead and call her at home. I explained to her what was going on and that we were concerned there didn't seem to be any kind of plan of treatment and that none of the various departments were really communicating with one another. She promised to log onto the hospitals network, review his labs & chart, contact the docs here, then get back to us. From there, we could see the domino effect of her phone calls.
Dr Alkhouri from GI called to talk with me. She explained that she had just had a meeting with the entire GI attending staff regarding Brady. They came to the agreement that more than likely, his liver issues are secondary to his hemolysis. If he stops hemolyzing then his liver function will return to normal. If he continues to hemolyze he could do permanent damage to his liver so stopping it is top priority.
Dr Bye from lung center also stopped in. He said he wasn't entirely convinced B actually does have a pneumonia since babies with SP-C deficiency can often show areas of infiltrates and haziness but he had no problem with them continuing the antibiotics any way.
The day resident from Heme-Onc as well as the covering attending came in to talk to us again and explain better this time. The only concern with the platelet count would be in relation to surgery since that would put him at risk for bleeding. Otherwise, they were not dangerously low and often platelets can drop in response to infection.
As for the hemolysis being more out of control (5 transfusions in 4 days), Dr Higman (B's primary hematologist) came by this morning to discuss it and she feels she may have somewhat of an answer...
Here, I'll need to give a little blood cell lesson. First lets define a few things.
- B Cell - A type of white blood cell. Its main job is to fight infection.
- T Cell - A type of white blood cell. Signal B cells to respond.
- K Cells - Recognize any antigen a fetus is exposed to during gestation as autonimous, or belonging to the fetus. Stops an immune response to these antigens.
- Antigen - A substance foreign to the body that causes an immune response.
- Antibody - Identifies and neutralizes foreign objects. Produced by B cells.
- Self-Antigen - Antigens inherent to a person which the body recognizes as not foreign but belonging to itself thereby not stimulating an immune response.
As you probably know, everyone has a blood type. That blood type is determined by two main factors: One is the presence of (self) antigens A, B, or both. If neither antigen is present that person has type O blood. If both antigens are present that person has type AB blood. If only A is present, A blood. Only B, B blood. Simple enough, right? Then there is an antigen called Rh. If Rh is present on a persons RBC's they are said to be Rh+. If not, they are Rh-. So, let's use B as an example. His RBC's have A antigens and Rh antigens so he is blood type A+. That means, in theory, B can safely receive blood with no antigens (type O-), blood with only A antigens (A-), blood with only Rh antigens (O+), or with both A and Rh antigens (A+). But, in some rare cases, its not quite that simple. There are over 600 other subtypes of antigens, or minor antigens. Brady seems to have antibodies against quite a few minor antigens. Recently, they've found that he is making antibodies against a particular antigen which they're referring to as Big E. When he receives a transfusion of blood containing Big E antigens his body recognizes them as foreign and attacks those cells (hemolysis). In order to better control Bug's hemolysis they are now filtering his donor blood to exclude any minor antigens to which he has antibodies. This should allow those donor cells to survive longer and space out his transfusions more. Her treatment plan is to give Brady a strong immunosuppressant medication. This would put his B cells out of commission. They would no longer recognize and attack all the little antigens in his blood. Since his bone marrow is now working as expected and kicking out his own baby red blood cells this would hopefully give him time to make more and more of his own blood without it being destroyed and eliminate any donor blood from his system. Then, once his body contains only his blood they could stop the suppression and the hope would be that his B cells will have reset, recognize his blood as his own, and will stop causing hemolysis. However, there is potential that the problem is actually with his T cells. Since his T cells direct his B cells, if they are not functioning properly they may be telling his B cells to attack. If that's the case, as soon as we stop suppressing his immune response the B cells would still be being incorrectly directed to destroy his RBC's and the hemolysis would kick right back in. So, she called for a consult from Immunology to help determine if both T & B cells are involved. If both are in fact causing the hemolysis then we would need to suppress both. This would require stronger medications and leave him even more vulnerable to opportunistic infection so its important to make sure its absolutely necessary. Also, before being able to safely proceed with that course of treatment she needs to make sure we're absolutely certain there is no infectious process going on in B's liver so the biopsy would be essential. The problem is getting anesthesiology to agree to the biopsy now rather than making him wait six to eight weeks and delaying treatment that much longer.
So today has so far consisted of the great pneumonia debate. Is it or isn't it? Is he stable enough for the biopsy? If they hold off on the biopsy will he be any more stable in eight weeks or could things potentially be much worse?
If I'm brutally honest with myself, I'm not sure he can take another eight weeks at the rate he is hemolyzing. It's destroying his body. Seems to me the risk of a few days on a ventilator is worth it if it means being able to start the treatment that could save his life. Actually, its really very simple. He needs this treatment. He needs the biopsy in order to get the treatment therefor he MUST have the biopsy. It truly could be the difference between life and death for him. It's up to anesthesia now. I pray they make the right decision.